Below is a list of health charities and whether they conduct or fund animal research. This list is not definitive, as policies change. Please contact Animal Aid using the contact form at the base of this page if you have received a reply from a charity about their animal testing policy, so that we may keep this file up to date.

Download a printable A4 PDF version of the full list here

Download a double sided A4 foldable pocket version of the full list here

Charity	Contact	Status
Action for ME	No contact telephone number questions@actionforme.org.uk https://www.actionforme.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Action Medical Research*	0140 321 0406 info@action.org.uk https://action.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Against Breast Cancer*	No contact telephone number info@againstbreastcancer.org.uk https://www.againstbreastcancer.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Age UK	0800 169 8787 No email, contact webform only https://www.ageuk.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Alcohol Change (formerly Alcohol concern)*	0203 907 8480 contact@alcoholchange.org.uk https://alcoholchange.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Allergy UK (formerly British Allergy Foundation)	0132 261 9898 info@allergyuk.org https://www.allergyuk.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Alzheimer’s Research UK*	0300 111 5333 enquiries@alzheimersresearchuk.org https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Alzheimer’s Society*	No contact telephone number No email, contact webform only https://www.alzheimers.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Animal Cancer Trust	0300 311 0310 info@animalcancertrust.co.uk https://www.animalcancertrust.co.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Animal Free Research UK (formerly Dr Hadwen Trust)	0208 054 9700 hello@animalfreeresearchuk.org https://www.animalfreeresearchuk.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
APS Support UK (registered as Hughes Syndrome Foundation)	0300 323 9943 info@aps-support.org.uk https://www.aps-support.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Aspire	0208 954 5759 info@aspire.org.uk https://www.aspire.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Asthma + Lung UK*	0300 222 5800 info@asthmaandlung.org.uk https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/	Conducts or funds animal research
Ataxia UK*	0207 582 1444 office@ataxia.org.uk https://www.ataxia.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
BACP Research Foundation*	0145 588 3300 bacp@bacp.co.uk https://www.bacp.co.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Balls to Cancer	No contact telephone number No email, contact webform only https://ballstocancer.net	Does not conduct or fund animal research
BEAT – Beating Eating Disorders (formerly Eating Disorders Foundation)	No contact telephone number info@beateatingdisorders.org.uk https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Blood Cancer UK (formerly Bloodwise)*	0207 504 2200 info@bloodcancer.org.uk https://bloodcancer.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Bone Cancer Research Trust*	0113 258 5934 info@bcrt.org.uk https://www.bcrt.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Boot Out Breast Cancer	No contact telephone number debbie@bootoutbreastcancer.org.uk https://www.bootoutbreastcancer.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Bowel Cancer UK*	0207 940 1760 admin@bowelcanceruk.org.uk https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Brain Research UK (formerly The Brain Research Trust)*	0207 404 9982 info@brainresearchuk.org.uk https://www.brainresearchuk.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Brain Tumour Research*	0190 886 7200 info@braintumourresearch.org https://www.braintumourresearch.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Breast Cancer Haven (formerly The Haven)	0207 384 0000 info@breastcancerhaven.org.uk https://www.breastcancerhaven.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Breast Cancer Now *	0333 207 0300 supporterengagement@breastcancernow.org https://www.breastcancernow.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Breast Cancer Research Aid	0800 678 5869 info@breastcancerresearchaid.org.uk http://www.breastcancerresearchaid.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Breast Cancer UK	0845 680 1322 enquiries@breastcanceruk.org.uk https://www.breastcanceruk.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
British Heart Foundation*	0121 661 5100 supporterservices@bhf.org.uk https://www.bhf.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
British Institute for Brain Injured Children (BIBIC)	0127 868 4060 enquiries@headway.org.uk https://www.bibic.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
British Liver Trust	0142 548 1320 info@britishlivertrust.org.uk https://www.britishlivertrust.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
British Scoliosis Research Foundation*	0208 964 1166 info@sauk.org.uk https://www.bsrf.co.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
British Skin Foundation*	0207 391 6341 admin@britishskinfoundation.org.uk https://www.britishskinfoundation.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
British Tinnitus Association	No contact telephone number No email, contact webform only	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Brittle Bone Society*	0138 220 4446 bbs@brittlebone.org https://www.brittlebone.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Cancer Research UK*	0207 242 0200 supporter.services@cancer https://www.cancerresearchuk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Cancer Research Wales	0292 031 6976 crw@wales.nhs.uk https://www.cancerresearchwales.co.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Cardiac Risk in the Young	0173 736 3222 cry@c-r-y.org.uk https://www.c-r-y.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Caring Cancer Trust	0078 054 4123 support@caringcancertrust.com https://www.stopcancer.health	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Cerebra	No contact telephone number enquiries@cerebra.org.uk https://cerebra.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Childhood Eye Cancer Trust*	0207 377 5578 info@chect.org.uk https://www.chect.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Children with Cancer UK*	0207 404 0808 info@childrenwithcancer.org.uk https://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group*	0333 050 7654 info@cclg.org.uk https://www.cclg.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Children’s Hearts	No contact telephone number contact@childrenshearts.org.uk http://www.childrenshearts.org.uk/	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Children’s Liver Disease Foundation*	0121 212 3839 info@childliverdisease.org https://www.childliverdisease.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Children’s Research Fund	0182 470 3149 childrensresearchfund@btinternet.com https://www.childrensresearchfund.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Circulation Foundation	0207 205 7151 info@circulationfoundation.org.uk https://www.circulationfoundation.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Cleft Lip & Palate Association	0207 833 4883 info@clapa.com https://www.clapa.com	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Coeliac UK*	0149 479 6128 No email, contact webform only https://www.coeliac.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Colostomy UK (formerly British Colostomy Association)	0118 939 1537 INFO@COLOSTOMYUK.ORG https://www.colostomyuk.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Crohns and Colitis UK (formerly National Association for Colitis and Crohns)*	0172 783 0038 info@crohnsandcolitis.org.uk https://www.crohnsandcolitis.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Cure Leukaemia	0121 511 2233 info@cureleukaemia.co.uk https://www.cureleukaemia.co.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Cystic Fibrosis Trust*	0203 795 1555 enquiries@cysticfibrosis.org.uk https://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
DeafPLUS	0207 790 8478 info@deafplus.org https://www.deafplus.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
DEBRA*	0134 477 1961 debra@debra.org.uk https://www.debra.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Dementia UK	0208 036 5400 info@dementiauk.org https://www.dementiauk.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation*	0239 263 7808 enquiries@drwf.org.uk https://www.drwf.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Diabetes UK*	0345 123 2399 helpline@diabetes.org.uk https://www.diabetes.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Down’s Heart Group	0300 102 1644 info@dhg.org.uk https://www.dhg.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Down’s Syndrome Association	0333 121 2300 info@downs-syndrome.org.uk https://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Ehlers-Danlos Support (EDS) UK	0208 736 5604 No email, contact webform only https://www.ehlers-danlos.org/	Conducts or funds animal research
Encephalitis Society*	0165 369 2583 support@encephalitis.info https://www.encephalitis.info	Conducts or funds animal research
Epilepsy Action*	0113 210 8800 epilepsy@epilepsy.org.uk https://www.epilepsy.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Epilepsy Research UK*	0203 096 7887 info@eruk.org.uk https://www.epilepsyresearch.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Epilepsy Scotland	0141 427 4911 contact@epilepsyscotland.org.uk https://www.epilepsyscotland.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Fight for Sight*	0207 264 3900 info@fightforsight.org.uk https://www.fightforsight.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Foundation for Liver Research	0207 255 9830 n.day@researchinliver.org.uk https://www.liver-research.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
FRAME: Fund for the Replacement of Animals In Medical Experiments	0115 950 3044 frame@frame.org.uk https://www.frame.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Glaucoma UK (registered as International Glaucoma Association)	0123 364 8164 info@glaucoma.uk https://www.glaucoma.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity*	0203 841 3131 supporter.care@gosh.org http://www.gosh.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Guide Dogs for the Blind	0118 983 5555 guidedogs@guidedogs.org.uk https://www.guidedogs.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
GUTS UK*	0207 486 0341 info@gutscharity.org.uk https://www.gutscharity.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Haemophilia Society	0020 793 9078 info@haemophilia.org.uk https://www.haemophilia.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Hearing Link	0184 434 8111 enquiries@hearinglink.org https://www.hearinglink.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Heart Research UK*	0113 234 7474 info@heartresearch.org.uk https://www.heartresearch.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Herpes Viruses Association	0207 607 9661 info@herpes.org.uk https://www.herpes.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Homeopathy UK (formerly British Homeopathic Association)	0787 020 8944 info@homeopathy-uk.org https://www.homeopathy-uk.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Huntington’s Disease Association	0151 331 5444 info@hda.org.uk https://www.hda.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Irish Cancer Society	No contact telephone number info@irishcancer.ie https://www.cancer.ie	Conducts or funds animal research
John Charnley Trust	0177 229 9888 mail@mcmillanaccountants.com https://www.johncharnleytrust.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF)*	0207 713 2030 info@jdrf.org.uk https://www.jdrf.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Kidney Cancer UK	0122 387 0008 No email, contact webform only https://www.kcuk.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Kidney Research UK*	0845 070 7601 enquiries@kidneyresearchuk.org https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Kids Cancer Charity (formerly Christian Lewis Children’s Cancer Care)	0179 248 0500 enquiries@kidscancercharity.org https://www.kidscancercharity.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Leukaemia & Myeloma Research UK	0800 368 7309 info@leukaemiamyelomaresearchuk.org https://www.leukaemiamyelomaresearchuk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research	No contact telephone number No email, contact webform only https://www.ldf.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Lupus Trust (formerly St Thomas’ Lupus Trust)	0207 848 4701 info@lupus.org.uk https://www.lupus.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Lymphoma Action (formerly Lymphoma Association)	0129 661 9400 enquiries@lymphoma-action.org.uk https://www.lymphoma-action.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Macmillan Cancer Support*	0207 840 7840 contactus@macmillan.org.uk https://www.macmillan.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Médecine Sans Frontières	0207 404 6600 office-ldn@london.msf.org https://www.msf.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Meningitis Now*	0145 376 8000 info@meningitisnow.org https://www.meningitisnow.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Meningitis Research Foundation*	0333 405 6262 info@meningitis.org https://www.meningitis.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Mental Health Foundation	0207 803 1136 info@mentalhealth.org.uk https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Mental Health Research UK	0116 287 8665 administrator@mhruk.org https://www.mhruk.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Migraine Trust*	0203 951 0150 info@migrainetrust.org https://www.migrainetrust.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Mind (The Mental Health Charity)	0208 519 2122 supporterrelations@mind.org.uk https://www.mind.org.uk/	Does not conduct or fund animal research
MNDA (Motor Neurone Disease Association)*	0160 425 0505 enquiries@mndassociation.org https://www.mndassociation.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Movember	No contact telephone number info.uk@movember.com https://uk.movember.com	Conducts or funds animal research
MQ Transforming Mental Health*	0300 030 8100 info@mqmentalhealth.org https://www.mqmentalhealth.org	Conducts or funds animal research
MS Society*	0208 438 0700 supportercare@mssociety.org.uk https://www.mssociety.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Multiple Sclerosis Trust	0146 247 6700 info@mstrust.org.uk https://www.mstrust.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Muscular Dystrophy UK*	0207 803 4800 info@musculardystrophyuk.org https://www.musculardystrophyuk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Myeloma UK*	0131 557 3332 myelomauk@myeloma.org.uk https://www.myeloma.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
National Ankylosing Spondylitis Society	0208 741 1515 admin@nass.co.uk https://www.nass.co.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
National Deaf Children’s Society	0207 014 1159 ndcs@ndcs.org.uk https://www.ndcs.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
National Eye Research Centre*	0117 325 7757 hello@nercuk.org https://www.nercuk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
National Kidney Federation	0190 954 4999 nkf@kidney.org.uk https://www.kidney.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Neuroblastoma UK*	0203 096 7890 secretary@neuroblastoma.org.uk https://www.neuroblastoma.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Ovacome	0207 299 6654 ovacome@ovacome.org.uk https://www.ovacome.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Ovarian Cancer Action*	0207 380 1730 info@ovarian.org.uk https://www.ovarian.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund*	0208 360 1119 info@pcrf.org.uk https://www.pcrf.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Pancreatic Cancer UK*	0203 535 7090 enquiries@pancreaticcancer.org.uk https://www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Parkinson’s UK*	0207 931 8080 hello@parkinsons.org.uk https://www.parkinsons.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Parkinson’s Care and Support UK	0203 380 2573 info@parkinsonscare.org.uk https://www.parkinsonscare.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Pink Ribbon Foundation	0168 985 8877 enquiries@pinkribbonfoundation.org.uk https://www.pinkribbonfoundation.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Prevent Breast Cancer	0784 135 7392 info@preventbreastcancer.org.uk https://www.preventbreastcancer.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Prostate Cancer UK (formerly The Prostate Cancer Charity)*	0203 310 7000 info@prostatecanceruk.org https://www.prostatecanceruk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Pulmonary Fibrosis Trust	No contact telephone number info@pulmonaryfibrosistrust.org https://www.pulmonaryfibrosistrust.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
RAFT*	No contact telephone number charity@raft.ac.uk https://raft.ac.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Restricted Growth Association	0300 111 1970 office@restrictedgrowth.co.uk https://www.rgauk.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
RNID (merged with Deafness Research – formerly Action on Hearing Loss)*	0207 359 4442 informationline@hearingloss.org.uk https://www.actiononhearingloss.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Rosemere Cancer Foundation	0177 252 2913 info@rosemere.org.uk https://www.rosemere.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation	0333 323 7200 foundation@roycastle.org https://www.roycastle.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Royal (formerly National) Osteoporosis Society*	0176 147 3251 info@theros.org.uk https://www.theros.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Royal Association for Deaf People	0300 688 2525 info@royaldeaf.org.uk https://www.royaldeaf.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Royal Marsden Cancer Charity	0207 808 2233 No email, contact webform only https://www.royalmarsden.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) (merged with Action for Blind people)	0303 123 9999 helpline@rnib.org.uk https://www.rnib.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Safer Medicines Trust	0300 302 0521 info@safermedicines.org https://www.safermedicines.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Sarcoma UK*	0207 250 8271 info@sarcoma.org.uk https://www.sarcoma.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
SENSE	0207 014 9322 info@sense.org.uk https://www.sense.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
SHINE	0173 355 5988 firstcontact@shinecharity.org.uk https://www.shinecharity.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Sir Bobby Robson Foundation	0191 213 7235 pauline.buglass@nhs.net http://sirbobbyrobsonfoundation.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Solving Kids’ Cancer*	0207 284 0800 info@solvingkidscancer.org.uk https://www.solvingkidscancer.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
SPARKS*	0207 091 7750 info@sparks.org.uk https://www.sparks.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Spinal Muscular Atrophy UK (formerly Jennifer Trust for Spinal Muscular Atrophy)*	0178 926 7520 office@smauk.org.uk https://www.smauk.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Spinal Research *	0207 653 8935 info@spinal-research.org https://spinal-research.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Stand up to Cancer	No contact telephone number info@su2c.org https://standuptocancer.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Stroke Association (merged with Speakability)*	0207 566 0300 info@stroke.org.uk https://www.stroke.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Sue Ryder	0178 731 4220 info@suerydercare.org https://www.suerydercare.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Target Ovarian Cancer*	0207 923 5470 info@targetovariancancer.org.uk https://www.targetovariancancer.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Teenage Cancer Trust	0207 612 0370 hello@teenagecancertrust.org https://www.teenagecancertrust.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Terrence Higgins Trust (now incorporating CRUSAID)	0207 812 1866 info@tht.org.uk https://www.tht.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
The Association for Glycogen Storage Disease	0300 123 2790 info@agsd.org.uk https://www.agsd.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
The Brain Tumour Charity*	0125 274 9990 enquiries@thebraintumourcharity.org https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org	Conducts or funds animal research
The British Trust for the Myelin Project	0120 294 4536 info@myelinproject.co.uk https://www.myelinproject.co.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
The Cure Parkinson’s Trust*	0207 929 7656 cptinfo@cureparkinsons.org.uk https://www.cureparkinsons.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
The Eve Appeal*	0207 605 0100 office@eveappeal.org.uk https://eveappeal.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
The Humane Research Trust	0161 439 8041 info@humaneresearch.org.uk https://www.humaneresearch.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
The Institute of Cancer Research	0207 352 8133 No email, contact webform only https://www.icr.ac.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
The ME Association	0128 081 8964 gill.briody@meassociation.org.uk https://www.meassociation.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
The Psoriasis Association*	0160 425 1620 mail@psoriasis-association.org.uk https://www.psoriasis-association.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
The PSP Association*	0132 732 2410 info@pspassociation.org.uk https://www.pspassociation.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
The William Little Foundation	No contact telephone number No email, contact webform only	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Together Against Cancer	0116 246 0195 info@togetheragainstcancer.org.uk https://www.togetheragainstcancer.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Tommy’s*	0207 398 3400 mailbox@tommys.org https://www.tommys.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Tuberous Sclerosis Association*	0300 222 5737 admin@tuberous-sclerosis.org https://www.tuberous-sclerosis.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Versus Arthritis (formerly Arthritis Research UK and Arthritis Care)*	0300 790 0400 enquiries@versusarthritis.org https://www.versusarthritis.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Walk the Walk	0148 374 1430 info@walkthewalk.org https://walkthewalk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Wellchild*	0124 253 0007 info@wellchild.org.uk https://www.wellchild.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Wellcome Trust*	0207 611 8888 No email, contact webform only https://www.wellcome.ac.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Wessex Medical Research*	0780 273 1973 enquiries@wesmed.org.uk http://www.wesmed.org.uk	Conducts or funds animal research
Womb Transplant UK	0207 873 1082 info@wombtransplantuk.org https://www.wombtransplantuk.org	Conducts or funds animal research
World Cancer Care	0794 731 5461 info@worldcacercare.org https://www.worldcancercare.org	Does not conduct or fund animal research
Worldwide Cancer Research*	0300 777 7910 enquiries@worldwidecancerresearch.org https://www.worldwidecancerresearch.org	Conducts or funds animal research
Yorkshire Cancer Research*	0142 350 1269 hq@ycr.org.uk https://www.ycr.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research but has not ruled out doing so in future
Young Lives vs Cancer	0300 330 0803 supporter.services@younglivesvscancer.org.uk https://www.younglivesvscancer.org.uk	Does not conduct or fund animal research

* The Association of Medical Research Charities (AMRC) is an organisation that promotes the use of animals in laboratories and currently requires its members to support the practice of animal experimentation.